Analytical chemistry is an interdisciplinary branch of science wherein a large number of inputs from different branches of sciences have contributed to its development. For instance, most of the chromatographic methods were invented by biochemists, or biological scientists, while contributions by physicists account for nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy etc.
Analytical chemistry can be defined as that branch
of chemistry dedicated to the qualitative, quantitative, structural and
other analysis of a substance by various experimental determinations.
It defines the methods of isolation, identification and estimation of
the quality and quantity.The importance of analytical chemistry is its
many applications.
Analytical chemistry has a lot of impact on the discovery, study and establishing of a substance. No other branch of science finds so many extensive applications as analytical chemistry purely for two reasons.
First analytical chemistry finds numerous applications in various disciplines of chemistry such as inorganic, organic, physical and biochemistry and secondly it finds wide applications in other fields of related sciences such as environmental science, agricultural science, biomedical and clinical chemistry, solid state research and electronics, oceanography, and space research.
The analysis of pesticides or insecticides from crops is done by gas chromatography or high performance liquid phase chromatography. Ascertaining the ratio of potassium to sodium in fertilizers is done by atomic absorption or flame emission methods. There are instances of the use of analytical chemistry in agricultural sciences like the mineral content in crops, estimation of amino acids and requirements of a crop under study.
The analysis of micro nutrients such as iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum, boron and manganese by spectrophotometer is another example.
The fundamentals of analytical chemistry is sub divided into selection, experimentation, observation and establishment. Preliminary tests will give the nature of the substance under study and helps to select the process that needs to be undertaken. The next step in fundamentals of analytical chemistry is experimentation. The sample under study is subjected to a variety of tests. The results of all these required tests are recorded and carefully observed to consolidate an inference in the third step of analysis.
Finally after studying all the data proposing a method to identify that particular substance with some characteristic tests which will help in further research. The following are the topics listed under analytical chemistry.
Gravimetry amounts to tracing the early history of chemistry by the study of quantitative estimations. There are three stages of the analysis.
The future trends in analytical chemistry are to develop different techniques for high sensitivity studying at the atomic and molecular level. To meet the requirement for information, energy, environmental and life sciences and industry the future trends in analytical chemistry should focus on the present technological development and take the help of digitization, computerization, ultra microscopic study and spectroscopy etc. Basic analytical chemistry can be divided in to Qualitative and Quantitative analysis. In the first type, by the processes of analysis one can establish the presence of different units in the given substance. It will however not give the amounts of the units that compose the material.
In quantitative analytical chemistry, the stress is on establishing the amounts of those elements and compounds in the substance under test. There are two different varieties of quantitative analysis. Volumetric analysis or titrimetric analysis is one method to establish a compound. This technique involves making of a soluble and clear solution of the substance and then tit-rating it against the standard solutions, using an indicator.
The other method of quantitative analysis is the gravimetric or precipitate analysis. This method is considered much more accurate than the volumetric analysis. In this type of analysis the substance under study is subjected to a treatment where the anionic or cationic component forms an insoluble and stable compound.
For example if one has to estimate the BaCl2 purity by gravimetric method, it can be done either by converting Ba2+ ions into insoluble BaSO4 salt or converting chloride ion (Cl-) into insoluble Silver chloride. This will give the purity of the compound.
Methods of Quantitative Analysis
Analytical chemistry has a two step analysis. They are characterization and determination of the constituents of a compound. The identification step is called qualitative analysis, while the second step of quantitative analysis is more complicated. Quantitative analysis can be classified depending upon the method of analysis, or it can be categorized according to the scale of analysis.Analytical chemistry has a lot of impact on the discovery, study and establishing of a substance. No other branch of science finds so many extensive applications as analytical chemistry purely for two reasons.
First analytical chemistry finds numerous applications in various disciplines of chemistry such as inorganic, organic, physical and biochemistry and secondly it finds wide applications in other fields of related sciences such as environmental science, agricultural science, biomedical and clinical chemistry, solid state research and electronics, oceanography, and space research.
The analysis of pesticides or insecticides from crops is done by gas chromatography or high performance liquid phase chromatography. Ascertaining the ratio of potassium to sodium in fertilizers is done by atomic absorption or flame emission methods. There are instances of the use of analytical chemistry in agricultural sciences like the mineral content in crops, estimation of amino acids and requirements of a crop under study.
The analysis of micro nutrients such as iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum, boron and manganese by spectrophotometer is another example.
The fundamentals of analytical chemistry is sub divided into selection, experimentation, observation and establishment. Preliminary tests will give the nature of the substance under study and helps to select the process that needs to be undertaken. The next step in fundamentals of analytical chemistry is experimentation. The sample under study is subjected to a variety of tests. The results of all these required tests are recorded and carefully observed to consolidate an inference in the third step of analysis.
Finally after studying all the data proposing a method to identify that particular substance with some characteristic tests which will help in further research. The following are the topics listed under analytical chemistry.
- Titration
- Molecular spectroscopy
- Atomic spectroscopy
- Bio-analytical chemistry
- Material analysis
- Chemical analysis
- Gravimetric analysis
- Volumetric analysis
- Forensic toxicology
- Mass spectroscopy
- Spectrophotometry and calorimetry
- Chromatography and electrophoresis
- Crystallography
- Analytical electrochemistry
Gravimetry amounts to tracing the early history of chemistry by the study of quantitative estimations. There are three stages of the analysis.
- The first phase is to encounter the new material while testing which is the early stages of analytical chemistry.
- The second phase is to establish the structures.
- The third phase, right now represents the broadening and deepening of the meaning of analysis.
The future trends in analytical chemistry are to develop different techniques for high sensitivity studying at the atomic and molecular level. To meet the requirement for information, energy, environmental and life sciences and industry the future trends in analytical chemistry should focus on the present technological development and take the help of digitization, computerization, ultra microscopic study and spectroscopy etc. Basic analytical chemistry can be divided in to Qualitative and Quantitative analysis. In the first type, by the processes of analysis one can establish the presence of different units in the given substance. It will however not give the amounts of the units that compose the material.
In quantitative analytical chemistry, the stress is on establishing the amounts of those elements and compounds in the substance under test. There are two different varieties of quantitative analysis. Volumetric analysis or titrimetric analysis is one method to establish a compound. This technique involves making of a soluble and clear solution of the substance and then tit-rating it against the standard solutions, using an indicator.
The other method of quantitative analysis is the gravimetric or precipitate analysis. This method is considered much more accurate than the volumetric analysis. In this type of analysis the substance under study is subjected to a treatment where the anionic or cationic component forms an insoluble and stable compound.
For example if one has to estimate the BaCl2 purity by gravimetric method, it can be done either by converting Ba2+ ions into insoluble BaSO4 salt or converting chloride ion (Cl-) into insoluble Silver chloride. This will give the purity of the compound.
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